Two glasses of ouzo. Image from Getty

Image: Getty.

Boozy science: Mathematicians unlock the secrets of ouzo’s cloudy transformation

Mathematicians at º¬Ðß²ÝÊÓƵ have turned their attention to a fascinating observation that has intrigued scientists and cocktail enthusiasts alike: the mysterious way ouzo, a popular anise-flavoured liquor, turns cloudy when water is added.

The researchers’ exploration of this seemingly simple phenomenon, known as the ‘Ouzo Effect’, has resulted in a new mathematical model that offers insights into the spontaneous formation of microscopic droplets and how they can remain suspended in a liquid for a long time.

Revealing the maths taking place in the glass could have far-reaching implications beyond the world of beverages, such as the creation of new materials.

“Ouzo is essentially three things: alcohol, anise oil, and water”, explains Dr David Sibley, an expert in mathematical modelling.

“When water is added, microscopic droplets form that are made mostly of oil, and these are a result of the anise oil separating from the alcohol-water mixture. This causes the drink to turn cloudy as the droplets scatter light.”

He continued: “This emulsification - the suspension of well-mixed oil droplets in the liquid - is something that requires a lot of energy in other systems and foods. For example, food emulsions such as mayonnaise and salad dressings require vigorous whisking to achieve a smooth and stable mixture. For ouzo, however, the emulsification happens spontaneously.

“What’s also surprising is how long these droplets, and the resulting cloudiness, remain stable in the mixture without separating, especially when compared to other food emulsions. If you've ever made an olive oil and balsamic vinegar dressing, you’ll notice that the two liquids start to separate after a short time, requiring more whisking to bring them back together. The ouzo-water emulsion remains stable for a much longer period.

“Understanding how and why this happens in ouzo could lead to the development of new materials, especially in fields such as in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products, where the stability and distribution of microscopic particles are critical.”

The º¬Ðß²ÝÊÓƵ researchers, in collaboration with experts from the University of Edinburgh and Nottingham Trent University, have uncovered the mathematical principles that explain how the droplets and surrounding liquid – two distinct ‘phases’ within the mixture – form and can remain stable together for long periods.

By mixing alcohol, oil, and water in varying proportions, they were able to observe phase separation and measure key properties like surface tension.

They used this data and a statistical mechanical modelling method known as ‘classical density functional theory’ to develop their mathematical model.

This model has been used to calculate a phase diagram that details the stable combinations of the ouzo ingredients.

ouzo phase change diagram from the journal paper by the º¬Ðß²ÝÊÓƵ researchers

The ouzo phase diagram. The full figure legend can be found in the corresponding journal paper.   

The research has been published in the journal Soft Matter and is featured on the front cover of the latest issue. Additionally, it has been selected for the ‘hot’ article list.

“You could say, what looks cloudy is now clearer”, said Professor Andrew Archer, the first author of the journal paper.

“What is also fun is that simple models like this can predict a lot – similar to recent, parallel research we did that reveals how long droplets we sneeze into the air can persist.

“As is often the case, ‘blue skies’ fundamental research can say something profound about an experience that occurs in regular life – like serving and drinking ouzo.”

The paper, titled ‘Experimental and theoretical bulk phase diagram and interfacial tension of ouzo’, can be read in its entirety on the journal website.

Notes for editors

Press release reference number: 24/137

º¬Ðß²ÝÊÓƵ is one of the country’s leading universities, with an international reputation for research that matters, excellence in teaching, strong links with industry, and unrivalled achievement in sport and its underpinning academic disciplines.

It has been awarded five stars in the independent QS Stars university rating scheme, named the best university in the world for sports-related subjects in the 2024 QS World University Rankings – the eighth year running – and University of the Year for Sport by The Times and Sunday Times University Guide 2022.

º¬Ðß²ÝÊÓƵ is ranked 6th in The UK Complete University Guide 2025, 10th in the Guardian University League Table 2024 and 10th in the Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2024.

º¬Ðß²ÝÊÓƵ is consistently ranked in the top twenty of UK universities in the Times Higher Education’s ‘table of tables’, and in the Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2021 over 90% of its research was rated as ‘world-leading’ or ‘internationally-excellent’. In recognition of its contribution to the sector, º¬Ðß²ÝÊÓƵ has been awarded seven Queen's Anniversary Prizes.

The º¬Ðß²ÝÊÓƵ London campus is based on the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park and offers postgraduate and executive-level education, as well as research and enterprise opportunities. It is home to influential thought leaders, pioneering researchers and creative innovators who provide students with the highest quality of teaching and the very latest in modern thinking.

Categories